{"id":11569,"date":"2013-05-25T11:44:31","date_gmt":"2013-05-25T11:44:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.news3d.org\/down\/arxitektura-zdanij.html"},"modified":"2013-05-25T11:44:31","modified_gmt":"2013-05-25T11:44:31","slug":"architecture-of-buildings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sribno.com\/architecturallife\/architecture-of-buildings\/","title":{"rendered":"Architecture of buildings"},"content":{"rendered":"

A building is a ground structure that has an internal space designed
\nand adapted for a particular type of activity.<\/p>\n

Requirements for buildings:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Functional expediency \u2013 the building must meet the process
    \nit is intended for. For each type of building, there are main and utility rooms. Each building must have a certain environment (space for activities, equipment, air temperature, lighting, etc.).<\/li>\n
  2. Technical feasibility \u2013 the building must reliably protect people from external influences, be durable (the building must withstand loads without destruction and large residual deformations), stable (rigid, must maintain balance under the influence of loads), durable (strength and stability over time) and fireproof (measures that reduce
    \nthe possibility of a fire in the building; fire resistance limit \u2013 the time during which the structure undergoes retains strength by the action of fire).
    \nImpacts on buildings can be forceful (loads from the building’s own mass, equipment, people, wind action) and non-forceful (temperature effects, exposure to moisture, sun, chemicals, noise).<\/li>\n
  3. Architectural and artistic expressiveness \u2013 the building should be functionally convenient and technically perfect.<\/li>\n
  4. Economic requirements – ensuring the strength, stability, durability of the building at an optimal cost.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Structural schemes of buildings.<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • Frameless (walls and ceilings):
      \nA) with longitudinal load-bearing walls,
      \nB) with transverse longitudinal walls.<\/li>\n
    • Frame buildings (columns, crossbars, ceilings):
      \nA) with a longitudinal frame,
      \nB) with a cross frame,
      \nC) with a spatial framework.<\/li>\n
    • With an incomplete frame (instead of the inner wall of the column):
      \nA) with an incomplete longitudinal frame,
      \nB) with an incomplete transverse frame.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Characteristics of the main elements of the building according to static operation and enclosing functions, the diagram of the building in the section or axonometry.<\/h3>\n

      The foundation is an underground structure that takes the load from the building and
      \ntransfers it to the ground.<\/p>\n

      Walls – external and internal, vertical, enclosing, bearing and non-bearing elements of the building (bearing – perceive the load from the overlap, self-supporting – perceive the load from their own weight, hinged).<\/p>\n

      Individual supports are vertical load-bearing elements. Pillars, pillars, columns.<\/p>\n

      Overlaps \u2013 horizontal, load-bearing, enclosing elements.<\/p>\n

      The covering (roof) is an enclosing structure that protects the building from external influences from above. There are attic and heartless.<\/p>\n

      The staircase is a load-bearing structure that serves for connecting between floors and for
      \nevacuation in emergency situations.<\/p>\n

      Partitions – vertical, enclosing elements installed on the floors.<\/p>\n

      Windows are structures designed to provide natural lighting and fencing.<\/p>\n

      The door is used for communication between rooms.<\/p>\n

      Foundations. Requirements, basic concepts and classification.<\/h3>\n

      The base is the soil located above the sole of the foundation and perceiving the load from the building.<\/p>\n

      The base is of two types:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Natural – soil that can withstand the load from the building, being in its natural state (rocky, coarse-grained, sandy, clay- the depth of the foundation is more frozen).<\/li>\n
      2. Artificial – artificially hardened soils that in their natural state do not have sufficient bearing capacity (loess, bulk, alluvial, quicksand).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Requirements for the grounds:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Strength – must have sufficient bearing capacity, as well as low and uniform compressibility.<\/li>\n
        2. They should not be heaving, i.e. they should not increase in volume when moisture freezes in the pores of the soil.<\/li>\n
        3. Should not be eroded and dissolved by groundwater.<\/li>\n
        4. Should not allow subsidence and landslides.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          The foundation is an underground structural element that perceives the load from the building and transfers it to the base.<\/p>\n

          Requirements for foundations: strength, stability, durability, economy.<\/p>\n

          Classification of foundations:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. According to the constructive form: ribbon (under the wall tapes), columnar (under
            \nthe frame), pile (good soil deep), solid (under heavy loads).<\/li>\n
          2. By the nature of the work: rigid (for compression), flexible (for bending).<\/li>\n
          3. By material: concrete (for compression), w\/ b (for bending), rubble (for compression),
            \nrubble concrete, made of solid brick.<\/li>\n
          4. According to the shape of the cross section: rectangular foundation, stepped.<\/li>\n
          5. According to the method of the device: monolithic, prefabricated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Ribbon foundations. Their classification, section.<\/h3>\n

            They are installed under the wall tapes. They can be prefabricated and monolithic.<\/p>\n

            The most widely used are prefabricated tape foundations, which are made of:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Prefabricated W\/W foundation slabs (F), height 300-500, width 600-3200 with 2M,
              \nlength 2400 or 1200.<\/li>\n
            2. Concrete blocks of basement walls (FBS), height 600, width 300, 400, 500, 600,
              \nlength 2400 or 1200.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Foundation slabs are laid on the ground of the base, if it is sandy soils, otherwise sand, crushed stone or gravel, 100 mm thick, are laid under the foundations.
              \nThe plates are laid either with a solid tape or with breaks.
              \nFoundation blocks are laid on slabs on a layer of cement-sand mortar in 1-5 rows.<\/p>\n

              Cement-sand mortar is also poured into the seams between the blocks. The blocks
              \nare stacked with mandatory dressing.
              \nAt the intersection of the walls on the top of the foundation slabs, a reinforcing mesh is installed to ensure greater rigidity of the building.
              \nWhen building on slopes, in order to save money, the foundations are laid in steps.<\/p>\n

              Columnar, solid, pile foundations. Classification, cross sections.<\/h3>\n

              Columnar. They are erected under columns in high – rise buildings with a foundation depth of 4-5 m . They are arranged with small loads on the foundation of rubble, rubble concrete, W \/ B. Under the walls \u2013 a foundation beam.
              \nThe distance between the axes of the foundation pillars is taken from 2.5 to 3 m, and if
              \nthe soils are strong, then up to 6 m. The pillars are placed at the corners of the building, at the intersection and junction of the walls and under the piers. The cross-section must be at least 0.4 m.
              \nThe pillars are covered with railway beams. Under the foundations, a sand filling
              \nwith a thickness of 0.5-0.6 m is made.
              \nColumnar foundations are monolithic (b) and prefabricated (c, d).<\/p>\n

              Walls. Requirements, classifications. Brick walls, types of masonry, nodes.<\/p>\n

              Walls are the enclosing, load-bearing or self-supporting element of a building.
              \nRequirements for walls: strength, stability, durability, compliance with
              \nthe degree of fire resistance, maintenance of temperature and humidity conditions in
              \nthe room, possession of sound insulation properties, manufacturability in
              \nthe device (industriality), economy, architectural and artistic
              \nexpressiveness.
              \nClassification of walls: 1) By material: Stone, Wood, Multilayer
              \n(stone, insulation, outer layer). 2) By the nature of the work: Load-bearing,
              \nSelf-supporting, Hinged. 3) According to the device method: Of small-sized elements \u2013
              \nmanually, Machine-made for large-sized elements, Monolithic. 4) By
              \nlocation: External, Internal.
              \nThe strength of the brickwork depends on: the strength of the brick, the strength of the mortar,
              \nthe type of masonry. Solid masonry: single-row (chain; stronger, more
              \nlabor-intensive), double-row (less labor-intensive, less durable). Types of stitches:
              \ntriangle, convex roller, convex, in pruning, in a hollow. Vertical
              \nseam \u2013 10mm, horizontal \u2013 12mm.<\/p>\n

              Architectural and structural details of stone walls. Jumpers, cross-section selection.<\/h3>\n

              Cornice – horizontal profiled protrusions of walls designed to divert
              \nwater falling on the building’s enclosing structures.
              \nCornices are divided into: 1) Crowning (main) – located on top of the wall. From W\/W
              \ncantilever slabs or by releasing several rows of bricks. 2) The intermediate
              \ncornice, which has a smaller outflow, is arranged at the level of the interstitial floors.
              \n3) Belt – under window and door openings. 4) Sandrik – above the openings of windows and doors, made of prefabricated blocks.
              \nThe basement is the lower part of the wall located directly above the foundation.
              \nThe basement protects the building from precipitation and mechanical damage. It is made of strong, resistant, durable materials (concrete foundation blocks; bricks
              \nplastered with cement mortar; natural stones). The top of the basement is located at the level of the 1st floor.
              \nPilasters are vertical thickening of walls of rectangular cross-section, serving to strengthen the walls and increase their stability.
              \nSemi-columns are semicircular projections.
              \nButtress is a thickening of the wall with an inclined front face, which increases the stability
              \nof the walls from the effects of horizontal forces.
              \nA niche is a shallow recess for placing various equipment.
              \nDeformation seams. They are arranged to avoid the appearance of cracks in the walls of buildings from uneven precipitation and as a result of deformation of the material during
              \ntemperature fluctuations.
              \nSedimentary seams are arranged in the case of different storeys of parts of the building \u2013 the seam cuts the building completely into compartments that can work independently under load.
              \nTemperature seams cut the wall from the top to the foundation, dividing it into
              \nseparate compartments.
              \nThe balcony is a load-bearing structure, in the form of a plate pinched in the wall.
              \nLoggia is a terrace built into the dimensions of the building, open on the front side and
              \nfenced on the other three sides with capital walls.
              \nA bay window is a part of a room enclosed by external walls, protruding beyond the outer
              \nplane of the facade wall, illuminated by windows.
              \nA lintel is a structure that covers openings in the walls and supports the upper part of the wall. They perceive their own load and the load from the upstream wall and transmit it to the downstream wall elements.
              \nW \/ B, (B, BU, PP (plate)), reinforced brick (reinforcement steel frames are laid), wedge-shaped flat and arched (labor-intensive). The brand depends on the length and width of the opening.<\/p>\n

              Windows and doors, requirements, classification, elements, sections.<\/h3>\n

              A window is a vertical enclosing structure designed for natural lighting of the room.
              \nRequirements: heat-protective and sound-insulating properties, light transmittance,
              \nmanufacturability in the device (industriality), economy, architectural and artistic expressiveness.
              \nClassification: by material (wooden, metal, plastic), by the method of opening (casement, blind, sliding, overhead, lower-hinged, louvered, etc.), by the number of glasses (single (southern regions), double (temperate climate), triple glazing (harsh climate)).
              \nH is 1100-1300mm less than the height of the floor.
              \nWindow blocks consist of: window boxes (frame, upper part – transom; separate and shared), glazed bindings, window sills.
              \nThe door is a vertical structure designed for communication between rooms.
              \nThey consist of boxes (frames fixed in doorways of walls) or partitions and
              \ncanvases hung on door frames.
              \nClassification: by the number of canvases (one- and two-floor and one-and-a-half), by
              \nlocation (internal, external, cabinet, by design solution (panel – solid frame; panel – with strapping), according to the method of opening (swing, sliding, rotating, swinging, folding).
              \nh 2000 and 2300mm<\/p>\n

              Large-block buildings.<\/h3>\n

              Buildings whose walls are built of blocks, and the remaining elements are made of
              \nlarge-sized elements.
              \nThe material is lightweight concrete. The main form of the blocks is a parallelepiped.
              \nWall cutting schemes: two-row, four-row (3 wall blocks).
              \nTypes of blocks: wall (h=2180, a=990-1790(M200)), bridge (h=580,
              \na=1980-3180(M400)), window sill (h=840, a=990-1990).
              \nBlocks are stacked on top of each other on a layer of c \/ p r-ra 10-20 mm. Vertical joints:
              \nopen (wall) and closed (internal walls and lintel blocks).
              \n21. Large-panel buildings.
              \nBuildings mounted from pre-fabricated large-sized planar
              \nelements.
              \nAccording to the design scheme: frameless (with longitudinal and transverse walls),
              \nframe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              A building is a ground structure that has an internal space designed and adapted for a particular type of activity. Requirements for buildings: Functional expediency \u2013 the building must meet the process it is intended for. For each type of building, there are main and utility rooms. Each building must have a certain environment (space […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1666,"featured_media":41888,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11569","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-for-architects","category-urban-planning-heritage"],"yoast_head":"\nArchitecture of buildings • Architectural Life<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A building is a ground structure that has an internal space designed and adapted for a particular type of activity. 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